अमेरिका : लोकतंत्र का सबसे बड़ा गुनहगार U.S.: Democracy's greatest criminal

अमेरिका : लोकतंत्र का सबसे बड़ा गुनहगार
U.S.: Democracy's greatest criminal

लोकतंत्र (का मस्तिष्क और हृदय); विचार, अभिव्यक्ति, विश्वास, प्रतिष्ठा और व्यक्ति की गरिमा से जीवंत होता है। वैश्विक लोकतंत्र के स्वयंभू दरोगा अमेरिका ने विचार, अभिव्यक्ति, विश्वास, प्रतिष्ठा और व्यक्ति की गरिमा का गला घोंट दिया है। आधिकारिक रिपोर्ट है कि आधी से अधिक अमेरिकी महिलाएं 18 साल की उम्र से पहले ही रेप की शिकार हो चुकी होती हैं। ऐसा अपराध करके अमेरिका, वैश्विक लोकतंत्र का सबसे बड़ा गुनहगार बन गया है।

  

 

हर दशक में उसने ये गुनाह लोकतंत्र का स्वयंभू दरोगा बनकर, लोकतंत्र के नाम पर ही किया है। 1950 के दशक में हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी में मानवता की हत्या करने के पहले से, वह यह काम किसी न किसी रूप में कर रहा है।

अमेरिका की केंद्रीय कैबिनेट की बैठक से पहले व्हाइट हाउस ने एक रिपोर्ट जारी की है, इसके अनुसार करीब 2 करोड़ 20 लाख अमेरिकी महिलाओं और 16 लाख पुरुषों को अपनी जिंदगी में बलात्कार का शिकार होना पड़ा है। इनमें आधी से अधिक अमेरिकी महिलाएं 18 साल की उम्र से पहले ही रेप की शिकार हो चुकी होती हैं। रिपोर्ट का सबसे भयानक पहलू यह है हर 5 में से एक छात्रा यौन शोषण का शिकार होती है जबकि हर 8 यौन अपराधों में से एक मामला ही दर्ज हो पाता है।

अमेरिका की सैन्य क्षमता (क्षेत्रवार)

    अमेरिका की सैन्य क्षमता (क्षेत्रवार)

साभार दैनिक जागरण

Who are minorities under international law अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानूनों के अनुसार अल्पसंख्यक कौन हैं?

Who are minorities under international law? अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानूनों के अनुसार अल्पसंख्यक कौन हैं?

Adopted by consensus in 1992, the United Nations Minorities Declaration in its article 1 refers to minorities as based on national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity, and provides that States should protect their existence. There is no internationally agreed definition as to which groups constitute minorities. It is often stressed that the existence of a minority is a question of fact and that any definition must include both objective factors (such as the existence of a shared ethnicity, language or religion) and subjective factors (including that individuals must identify themselves as members of a minority).


The difficulty in arriving at a widely acceptable definition lies in the variety of situations in which minorities live. Some live together in well-defined areas, separated from the dominant part of the population. Others are scattered throughout the country. Some minorities have a strong sense of collective identity and recorded history; others retain only a fragmented notion of their common heritage.


The term minority as used in the United Nations human rights system usually refers to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, pursuant to the United Nations Minorities Declaration. All States have one or more minority groups within their national territories, characterized by their own national, ethnic, linguistic or religious identity, which differs from that of the majority population.


According to a definition offered in 1977 by Francesco Capotorti, Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, a minority is: A group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State, in a non-dominant position, whose members - being nationals of the State - possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population and show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language.1/


While the nationality criterion included in the above definition has often been challenged, the requirement to be in a non-dominant position remains important. In most instances a minority group will be a numerical minority, but in others a numerical majority may also find itself in a minority-like or non-dominant position, such as Blacks under the apartheid regime in South Africa. In some situations, a group which constitutes a majority in a State as a whole may be in a non-dominant position within a particular region of the State in question.


In addition, it has been argued that the use of subjective criteria, such as the will on the part of the members of the groups in question to preserve their own characteristics and the wish of the individuals concerned to be considered part of that group, combined with certain specific objective requirements, such as those listed in the Capotorti definition, should be taken into account. It is now commonly accepted that recognition of minority status is not solely for the State to decide, but should be based on both objective and subjective criteria.



The question often arises as to whether, for example, persons with disabilities, persons belonging to certain political groups or persons with a particular sexual orientation or identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersexual persons) constitute minorities. While the United Nations Minorities Declaration is devoted to national, ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, it is also important to combat multiple discrimination and to address situations where a person belonging to a national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minority is also discriminated against on other grounds such as gender, disability or sexual orientation. Similarly, it is important to keep in mind that, in many countries, minorities are often found to be among the most marginalized groups in society and severely affected by, for example, pandemic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, and in general have limited access to health services.


Grateful to :
Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation (HR/PUB/10/3)

1/ E/CN.4/Sub.2/384/Rev.1, para. 568.

Source Url : http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Minorities/Pages/internationallaw.aspx